Your CPU has a FSB (front side bus), which is the speed it communicates with the memory and north bridge. In an Intel system, your FSB is quad pumped, meaning that you multiply the actual FSB times 4 to get the rated FSB. What this mean is that your CPU`s front side bus sends 4 transmissions of data per clock cycle. This is analogous to memory which can transmit 2 pieces of data per clock cycle (DDR or Dual Data Rate). Instead, the FSB is QDR (Quad Data Rate).
For example:
266.66Mhz FSB x 4 = 1066Mhz rated FSB.
The FSB is the speed of the L2 (level 2) cache. L2 Cache is largest chunk (desktop CPUs only) of memory on the CPU. This is what directly communicates with your system memory. From the L2 cache the data is moved to the much smaller, but also much faster L1 (level 1) cache. CPU speed is normally referred to as the speed of the L1 cache.
In order to determine your CPU speed, you multiply the FSB by its multiplier.
For example:
266.66Mhz FSB x 9 = 2.40Ghz
The 2.40Ghz is the speed of the L1 cache.
Normal Intel processors are limited to their stock multiplier. They can go down multipliers if their motherboards support it, but they cannot increase in multiplier. This is intentionally done by Intel to prevent system vendors from buying cheaper processors and manually increase the multiplier and selling it as a faster system. However, some ES (Engineering Sample) and all XE (Extreme Edition) processors have unlocked multipliers. You can manually increase or decrease the multiplier on the system (to an extend). You will pay a premium price for this capability.
We will discuss below why the CPUs multiplier has a direct effect on system stability. Decrease the multiplier on non ES / XE processors and lose stability.
One thing that I think it is absolutely critical to discuss is voltage and temperature. Many people will easily exceed Intel recommended voltage for their processor by 20% or more. However, they won`t for a second run their processor over Intel`s maximum recommended temperature. This is rather silly. Over voltage plays a far more significant role in how long your processor will last than temperature does. However, both are important. Your computer will die just as fast as 10C as it will at 80C if it has 25-30% or more over-voltage.
How much voltage you put into your processor is up to you. It is really un-known how long processors will last a certain voltages, so a safety range is not easily determined. However, be aware, your processor will likely not die instantly from overvoltage. It will be a steady and slight decline of performance. You will need more and more voltage just to keep your system running.
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